Mere creation or administration of a WhatsApp group does not, by itself, make the creator or administrator criminally liable for every post made by its members. A WhatsApp administrator may have the power to add or remove participants, but he does not ordinarily review, moderate or approve each message before it is posted. Actual uploader, forwarder or disseminator. A person who personally uploads, forwards, sends, shares, or otherwise circulates the offending content stands on a different footing from a mere creator, administrator, or member of a WhatsApp group. In such a case, liability is founded on the accused’s own act, not on vicarious responsibility for the act of another.

2026 LHC 4194